An employment policy for the
United Kingdom
by Brian Burrows, Futures Information Associates
This is a revised version of a paper written in 1993 which was presented
to The UK Futures Group on 21st September 1996. It has been further revised
as a result of the discussion at this meeting
Introduction
The reported number of people out of work in the United Kingdom is about
2,300 million. At its peak it was about 3 million and most people expected
it to rise. However there have been many changes in the way government statistics
have been calculated so it is not easy to know if these figures are correct.
The problem is that the figures are not produced by an independent body.
The proposal by the Labour Party that future statistics be produced by an
independent body is vital for efficient government. The Central Statistical
Office could be set up as an independent body and monitored by The Statistical
Society. The danger is that any government that has been in power for a
long while and is failing will be tempted to be selective when presenting
any statistics.
Also these figures only measure people claiming benefit not people seeking
work. It has been estimated that 50% of men over 50 are not working but
many have pensions and savings so are excluded from benefit. Many of the
new jobs are low paid and part time. These are counted as full time employment
which gives a false impression of people seeking full time employment.
Changing Work Patterns
One of the reasons for the lack of the feel good factor is that work patterns
are changing so there is little job security. There has been a growth in
self employment and small businesses. The most encouraging sector is the
rise of the networking company. This consists of self employed people who
are online and can act as large or medium sized companies. A study of the
membership of the Strategic Planning Society reflects this trend. In my
view this is the area from which new ideas and growth will emerge. This
has been described as networking or groupware companies but the most recent
development is the virtual company which operates in hyberspace. It is now
possible for self employed people in any location in the world to set up
PLC companies which will challenge the large companies in the service sector.
However there is another area which is causing problems. Due to investment
in new technology, large firms are making men redundant while many woman
are forced into part time low paid jobs. There has been a 28% increase in
employment of woman while jobs for men have dropped by 20%. This growth
is one example of employment growth but there is a danger of Britain becoming
the sweat shop of Europe. The decline in employment for men was reflected
in an article in the Financial Times indicating large job losses in engineering
in 1994. (1) Since then due to investment in technology this trend is now
happening in the office sector with large job losses in the service sector,
mainly in banks and insurance companies.
Also an article in The Economist has an explanation for the fall in unemployment
figures. (2) The reason offered by Goldman Sachs is the decline in young
people coming onto the job market. In the 1980s the working age population
grew by an average of 100,000 each quarter. The rise in 1994 was only 19,000.
The Cost of Keeping People Idle
One of the ideas I have used in my work is the concept of Occam's razor.
When decisions are difficult go for the simplest solution. This can be applied
to historical and future studies. For example, the core objective of the
Conservative Party was to create wealth with less concern for the poor or
for social justice. The Labour Party was more concerned with the poor and
social justice but failed to create the wealth to achieve their objectives.
The present government has failed all its objectives and has only created
wealth for a very small section of the community, who have failed to invest
in the economy.
The government has admitted that the cost of keeping one person unemployed
is about £9,000 a year. Nationwide this could cost about £47b
per year, which may be an underestimate because of the following factors.
It is assumed that lost revenue from income tax is included in this figure
but it does not include the cost of combating crime and vandalism, rising
insurance costs and extra costs to the National Health Service. (3)
We are now faced with about one million young people and one million older
people who have been out of work for over one year. One of the basic rules
of good government is that the young are never kept idle. They have to be
motivated into undertaking tasks that are of interest to them and useful
to society. Costly rioting has already occurred in the inner cities and
could happen again if more positive action is not taken. High unemployment
could destroy the fabric of British society, which is already showing signs
of fragmentation and disintegration.
An Employment Plan for the United Kingdom
A paradox of the present situation is that there is much work which needs
to be done but the British government considers that it cannot afford the
initial funding required to create the necessary jobs. Public expenditure
is already out of control through paying people to be idle. In reality,
in the long term, the government cannot afford not to spend money on creating
these vital jobs. The plan described below indicates the tremendous scope
for job creation in
various growth areas of the economy, and even considerable scope in some
of the present areas of decline.
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Areas of decline in employment
The worst area of decline in employment has been in manufacturing but there
is also considerable decline in office work, together with some in services.
Manufacturing
Due to advanced manufacturing methods employment levels will continue to
decline. Government research funding in automation is needed to halt the
decline in the United Kingdom's share of world markets. In recent years
this decline has been so extensive that any growth in the economy has resulted
in increased imports and the danger of a further crisis in the balance of
payments. Although employment in manufacturing will decline, the larger
the manufacturing base the larger the service sector will be. Thus jobs
will be created in marketing, packaging, distribution and general services.
The United Kingdom's manufacturing base used to be about 40% but has declined
to about 20%. Its share of world trade is now about 8.4% (4).
The only hope is a government led initiative in integrated manufacturing
systems. For example, in the 1950s and 1960s the UK was self-sufficient
in the electronics sector and also exported to other countries. After a
rapid decline, growth began again in 1983, mainly due to overseas manufacturing
investment. The deficit in 1992 was about £1.4 billion but this is
improving, mainly due to investment by firms from the USA, Japan and mainland
Europe. (5) The major challenge is now coming from growth in the Pacific
Rim, where there is major investment in new technology and new products.
Office Work
Just as industrial employment started to fall in British industry in the
1970s and 1980s, so it is now beginning to decline in the British office
sector. This trend will continue but employment levels will be higher than
those for manufacturing because the tasks are harder to automate. Recent
examples are facilities management, outsourcing and downsizing. A more recent
example is hot desking, where two people share one desk at work and spend
50% of their time working from home.
General Services
There is both growth and decline in this sector, so that its overall employment
levels could be stable with no growth prospects.
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Areas for growth in employment
Health Care
There are almost limitless opportunities for increasing employment levels
in the public health sector for the following reasons. People are living
longer and an aging population needs more health care. New medical methods
and new medical technology are being deployed so that more effective treatment
is possible. The private medical sector employment will grow, but much less
than in the public sector, because the private sector is not interested
in social problems but aims to provide immediate treatment to people who
can afford it and/or who work in key areas.
Social Services
Again, there is tremendous scope for increased employment because of the
major increase in the older age groups of the population. During the period
of Conservative government from 1979 the gap between rich and poor has become
much wider, causing major demands for social services. Elderly people are
now being forced into private care so they have to spend their life savings
and then sell their homes to finance their care. This privatising of elderly
people's care is a major crime. One possible approach would be to double
unemployment pay to people who would assist elderly people so they could
stay in their own homes.
Education and Training
Again this is a labour intensive sector and lack of investment is one of
the reasons for the decline in the economy of the UK. A massive investment
plan is needed with a seamless link between education and training. Computer
programmed learning for both education and training is necessary for all.
The objective should be a computer linked to Internet for each pupil so
people are prepared for the growth in a self employed economy.
Security
The number of police in the community needs to be doubled. At the same time
there is a need for trained civilian staff at police stations to take over
clerical duties. For example, reports from police on patrol could be downloaded
by mobile telephones and notebook computers. The returning police officer
would only need to check and sign the report- currently some officers have
to type out their reports on manual typewriters. Unless such measures are
taken crime will become more widespread and there will be more no-go areas
with people trapped in their homes. The private security sector is also
growing but this needs to be closely monitored.
Treatment of Criminals
Unless violent they should be made to do community work. Criminals who swindle
elderly people's savings could be put to work on social services..
Those who have to be sent to prison should be put to work making equipment
for the disabled. Privileges should depend on the quality of work. Thus
prisons would be centres of training and education. This can only be done
if there is a large increase in staff to carry out the programme. At present
many prisons are controlled by the experienced prisoners so that first offenders
come out of prison as more effective criminals.
Agriculture and Food
Intensive agribusiness and factory farming are not sustainable in the long
term. Therefore the UK will need to move back to more labour intensive mixed
and organic farming, and to methods using biodiversity, gene banks for seeds
and carefully controlled genetic engineering.
Unless there are changes from intensive agriculture to sustainable methods
then world food shortages could occur. There are no food mountains now in
Europe.
Environmental Industries
There is tremendous scope for a whole range of work for improving the environment,
reducing pollution and using energy more efficiently. For example millions
of homes in the UK are at present heated very wastefully because of inadequate
insulation. Many thousands of people could be employed in a publicly subsidised
programme to install proper insulation in these homes. Many of these homes
are old houses occupied by the elderly and the poor who therefore spend
more on energy and produce more pollution than owners of well insulated
homes.
Other areas of development are the use of sensors for pollution control
and more energy efficient equipment. Most firms are now developing an environmental
auditing policy. There is a link here with improved ethics in business and
quality management . (6-11) Because of unethical standards in the private
sector there could be a growth of hostility towards all in business. It
is clear that the free market economy creates wealth but causes social problems
which it does not fund and the command economy does not provide the products
people need. The solution is mixed economy but getting the balance correct
is not easy.
Small Businesses
The Conservative government under Margaret Thatcher claimed to support the
growth of small businesses but soon lost interest when she became involved
in protecting the establishment, which prevents change. Many large IT companies
were started by entrepreneurs from garages in their own homes which later
grew into large businesses.
The Networking and Virtual Companies and the New Entrepreneurial Revolution
As we have seen with online systems, Internet and CD/ROM, it is now possible
to work from home and have as much access to world-wide information systems
as large organisations have. Many self employed people are now working in
groups for specific projects. These small groups are more productive than
large organisations and are free to develop new ideas. This is the best
way the UK and mainland Europe can meet the challenge from the Pacific Rim,
which is where the new ideas and products will come from. Sun Microsytems
have developed Java which is software which can integrate GIS with Internet
so that a full global information system is now being developed. As it is
now possible to develop a career without moving it is likely that the extended
family could be re-established which will create a more stable society and
help to solve the problem of care for the elderly.
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Barriers to employment growth
Government Organisations and Expenditure
The essential government policies for stimulating the economy and helping
to create new jobs will need major funding in the short term, although they
will lead to savings in expenditure later on. It is thus important to look
for ways to save expenditure that do not have damaging effects. This can
be done by improving efficiency in areas where current government spending
is wasteful.
Most of this ineffective expenditure is devoted to maintaining a very inefficient
and unproductive civil service, which is the least productive sector in
the UK economy. For example the most powerful government department is the
Treasury, which has never made a correct economic forecast. An article in
the New Scientist explains why their forecasts are always wrong. (12) The
software programs are so complex that uncertainty cannot be built into the
system so that trends are only extrapolated, which is totally inappropriate
in today's situation.
Therefore the Treasury staff involved should be made redundant and forecasting
contracted out to the private sector. This could consist of three organisations
and if their results proved to be inaccurate their contracts would not be
renewed. The firms which provide the most accurate forecasts are often reviewed
in the Financial Times. (13)
Attempts have been made by the present government to outsource some civil
service activities to the private sector but with little success. Several
people involved in this work with the civil service have reported that they
are not able to find any one person with overall responsibility. The inefficiency
of the civil service is well documented by Leslie Chapman (14) and Clive
Ponting (15). Leslie Chapman worked for the Ministry of Works time while
ago and became very unpopular by attempting to establish procedures which
would save money. Clive Ponting was a senior civil servant for 15 years
and resigned to disclose information which he considered should be in the
public domain.
He concludes his book with the following views:
"There has been no serious attempt to reform British government this
century. If Britain is to cope with its current and future problems, Whitehall
must not only be reformed, but transformed". (15) p243
Clive Ponting concludes that any attempts for reform have been blocked by
senior civil servants. The TV programmes of Yes Minister and Yes Prime Minister
illustrates the considerable negative power to prevent change by senior
civil servants. The author of this series, Anthony Jay, claims that the
events are based on real life situations. One solution would be to increase
the powers of the National Audit Office and the Government Select Committees.
Privatisation
There has been some success here but many failures as a public monopoly
is better than a private one. Thus BT are more efficient due to competition
from Mercury, the cable companies and other recent entrants to the market.
What is needed is a dialogue between the private and public sectors. The
gas pipe line and the National Grid should be in public hands with freedom
to buy from any source. However, water and the railways must be public national
services. The solution in the short term for a future government would be
tight control over water and public transport.
Restructuring the Economic and Social System
What can be concluded from this is that both the total collective society
of the former Soviet Union and free range capitalism have failed. Therefore
the next paradigm will be the reforming and restructuring of the economic
and social systems. At present we are failing to provide work for the young
in the UK, where there are about one million unemployed youngsters. Some
young people are mature enough to organise and make a success of their lives
but many have had a poor education and need support and training. If this
is not done the danger is that they will become involved in crime, violence
and drugs. This is already happening now and the cost for all of us is very
great. If the UK is to survive it must be concerned with the future of the
young. A culture could develop among the young in which stealing is seen
as a source of income and vandalism as a source of entertainment.
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Solutions
The first action is to implement an agreed employment policy between the
private and public sector. This can only be implemented if the government
is reformed by the following measures.
Action is required to reduce the cost and power of central government. The
first reform should be to take away the power of the Treasury. An article
in The Guardian makes the point that, "There is no reason why the conduct
of monetary policy could not be transferred to the Bank of England under
a mandate from the government of the day. Nor is there any reason why the
Bank should not manage the foreign exchange reserves and the funding of
the deficit." (16) This would reduce the Treasury's control of public
spending and give other government departments more freedom. In my view
the power of the Treasury needs to be reduced to that of a book keeping
role for government expenditure and all powers of policy making taken away
from it.
At the same time we need a federal structure in the UK with both local and
regional government, leading to more open government. This will give people
more control over their lives which will lead to a more entrepreneurial
culture and the ability to cope with the major changes facing us. However
this cannot be achieved until there is a Bill of Rights based on a Freedom
of Information Act. The cultural values of the UK will have to change if
this is to succeed.
United Kingdom Culture
In Saxon times there was a federal culture in England but after the Norman
invasion a feudal culture was imposed. This has resulted in both an elitist
society and a confrontational culture. Examples of this can be seen in the
House of Commons and the Law Courts. Therefore many of our institutions
need to be reformed. A useful model for this is the select committees of
the House of Commons where any attempt to be selective with the truth is
exposed. One way in which our institutions can be reformed is to encourage
more woman to play major roles.
Areas for Future Study
If market forces are ignored, as they were in the former Soviet Union, the
basic needs of the people are not met. However it is now clear that market
forces alone do not solve social problems and can often create them.
Therefore we need to study the history of capitalism from the time of Adam
Smith. The Wealth of Nations has been studied but not his earlier work,
The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Adam Smith was a professor of moral philosophy,
not an economist.
His first book, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, provided the moral basis
of capitalism and The Wealth of Nations explained how the market operated.
The standard editions of both books are in print but a book is needed which
selects the key points made by Smith, to be published under the heading
The Essential Adam Smith. This could form the basis of research on restructuring
capitalism. This can be linked to the growing amount of work on improving
business ethics. A useful book on this subject, The Just Enterprise by George
Goyder, is essential reading. (17) In this book a wider view of Adam Smith
is presented as well as a basis for research on more ethical business. This
book was first published in 1987 and was ignored due to a get-rich culture
based on the Stock Market recycling money and not investing in the needs
of the country. It is now back in print and it is essential that its message
is no longer ignored .
A Wider Understanding of the Economic System
Both Charles Handy and James Robertson have written widely on the changes
taking place in the economy, how the impact of information technology is
changing the structure of organisations, where they can do more with less
and the move towards a self employed economy.
Charles Handy argues that new forms of work in the future will be shorter
contract work, more part time work and a growth from working from home.
Also the distinction between voluntary and cooperative work and what has
been described as a proper job will become blurred. (18)
James Robertson comes to similar conclusions. (19). He sees three trend
which are:
Business as usual
A leisure based society
Ownwork
It is clear that business as usual is not working and that we are moving
towards a society with an increase in leisure activity. However the unemployed
have leisure forced on them so the concept of ownwork in which people can
earn a living and at the same time have some control over their lives is
a way forward. James Robertson expands these views in an article in Futures
(20). In this paper it is argued that the information and communication
technologies (ICTs) can be used to accelerate the transition to environmentally
sustainable development This can only be done by setting the following objectives:
Restructuring taxation to ensure sustainable development
Increasing benefits which will increase the supply of jobs
Encourage a more rapid take up of ICTs
Establish alternatives to formal employment such as greater economic self
reliance and improved eduction and training
Changing R&D policies to support sustainable development
It is concluded that this can only be achieved by harnessing market forces
which are then directed to the above goals.
The clear message is the unemployment problem will not be solved unless
changes are made to the present economic system.
The key work here has been done by Hazel Henderson. In her view the present
economic system does not measure true GNP. For example, child care, housework
and voluntary health care are not measured but disasters such as hurricanes
and oil spills show up as growth in GNP. She claims that unless the economic
system measures the whole economy the following will continue. (21)
Growth = Employment
Employment = Inflation
Inflation = Unemployment
Unemployment = Zero Growth and Reduced Inflation
Reduced Inflation = Growth etc
Thus the choice in capitalist society today is high employment and high
inflation or low inflation and and high unemployment.
One of the classic works on the economy still has value. This is The General
Theory by Maynard Keynes (22). He challenged the traditional views of the
day and argued that there was no automatic mechanism to equate the total
demand for and the supply of productive labour. Thus he saw a relationship
between market forces and government expenditure and involvement with the
economy. The New Deal policy promoted by Roosevelt in the USA and the full
employment policies of British Governments in the past have been based on
these principles with some success.
Therefore the government's claim to have conquered inflation with its present
policies is likely to be proved incorrect. This is a problem which capitalism
has not yet solved. One area to explore which could help to solve this dilemma
is the relationship between organisations and self regulating systems.
Cybernetics and Government
The only way to make government more effective and to reduce government
expenditure on itself is to introduce self regulating systems which will
prevent government officials complicating decisions taken by government.
As we have seen the Government failure to control its expenditure is due
to the number of people out of work. Others factors are the rise in self
employment as the self employed pay less tax and the rise of low paid jobs
where little tax is paid. The wages are so low for many of these jobs that
they attract income support which shows up as government expenditure. Also
they have cut taxes for the well paid.
The Historian as a Futurist
This phrase was coined by Asa Briggs and this is an area neglected by many
futurists.(23). There are a number of historical models for the future in
the United Kingdom. History is written by the people who win so only works
which study contemporary records should be used.
Anglo Saxon England
Recent studies have shown that for its day this was an advanced society.
There was a open field policy and the only enclosures were for the growing
of crops. There was a hierarchy of decision making which was similar to
the concept of federalism today. After the Norman occupation feudalism was
imposed on England with major land enclosures. Traces of this elite still
exist today where 70% of land is owned by 1% of the population. There are
many learned books on this subject but the most readable account is in the
first few chapters of a book by Marian Shoard (24).
Pre Industrial Britain
A sustainable economy had developed based on local cottage industries and
organic farming. This was so successful that the population increased. In
order to meet increased food demand the result was more enclosures and a
move to large scale intensive farming. New inventions also resulted in the
Industrial Revolution where the peasants were forced off the land into low
paid factory work. The only people to attempt to prevent this happening
were the Luddites. They could not have won because when new methods are
developed they cannot be ignored. However what they stood for has been ignored
but a recent book has studied their views (25). These are important as they
provide us with a model for a post industrial society.
The Structure of Society and Employment Levels
In present day capitalist society market forces both create and destroy
jobs but in a period of rapid change the time lag between creating and destroying
of jobs is great. Thus the structure and values of a society have an effect
on employment levels.
Saxon society was an agricultural economy based on the growth of crops and
the breeding and feeding of animals. Work was related to the seasons and
the concept of unemployment was unknown. Later, under the Norman occupation,
a slave economy was imposed on this peasant way of life. This gradually
developed into a village based economy based on organic farming and cottage
industries. These cottage industries were owned by families so there was
no concept of unemployment.
This way of life was destroyed by the agricultural and industrial revolutions.
An elitist society was created which reimposed the values of the Norman
culture and also created poverty and unemployment.
Since then there have been long periods of wide-scale unemployment which
has only been solved by major wars where the full resources of the nation
were used in order to defeat the enemy. There was mass unemployment after
the First World War but less so after the Second World War. However the
result of any large scale conflict is a surge in inflation.
We face a similar problem today to that which was created by the industrial
revolution. It is clear that the information revolution is causing major
job losses in large companies. With the use of new technology they are doing
more with less staff. At the same time they are reducing their office space
by the use of "hot desking", where two people share a desk and
work from home on alternative days.
Therefore new employment will only be created by small businesses and the
self employed. The most encouraging area is the concept of the virtual company.
This often consists of a group of people who are self employed, work from
home and use modern communication methods. Often they are registered as
PLC companies and individuals can be in any location or country. Thus they
can trade on a global basis but assist in promoting the local economy. Global
trade is vital. An example of the effect of trade barriers is the period
between the two world wars. In the United Kingdom there were 2.9 million
unemployed which in percentage terms is higher than later periods of unemployment.
However there was zero inflation and the only solution to this so far is
a wider measurement of GNP proposed by Hazel Headers (21)
However there is an elitist and centralised political system in the United
Kingdom where the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. This elite has
the same values as the Norman culture, which is inhibiting change which
is needed to meet the challenges of the 21st century.
The danger facing us in the United Kingdom and the world is the rise of
closed mind fundamentalist thinking. It is poverty which assists extremists
to take power and it is only high employment levels which will challenge
their ideology. Also if there are no jobs for young people they revert to
tribal values. They mark out their territory with graffiti, see vandalism
as their leisure activity and stealing as their income.
Thus we must give power back to the people at a regional and local level.
At present the mass culture is destroying local economies by continued centralisation.
A major attack on this centralisation of power is well documented by John
Papworth in Small is Powerful (26)
As we move towards a self employed culture most people will choose to live
in villages and small communities. This will halt the destruction of these
communities by centralisation. It could also re-create the extended family
within a generation which would re-establish a more stable society in the
United Kingdom, provide work for young people and assist in care for aging
parents. All this work will be service based with possible cottage industries.
The manufacturing sector based on automation will not fit into this local
economy as location will depend on good transport links. However, as we
have seen, employment levels will be greatly reduced in this sector and
the problem is to develop non polluting transport.
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Conclusions
It is now clear that neither the command nor the free market economy can
provide fair and viable government. Thus there must be a partnership between
the public and private sector. The problem is to get the balance right.
If we are to progress towards a more civilized society the party which gets
the balance correct will play a major role in a more just and viable society.
If it is driven by any form of ideology this approach will fail. Too much
government control results in a distorted market, too much private control
causes social problems. Getting the balance right is the major challenge
facing the developed countries.
What is needed is the viable models of the past plus the techniques of the
strategic planners and the imagination of the futurists to combine to develop
a strategy for a viable future.
Will Hutton's concept of the stakeholder society is also a means of getting
more people involved. Many members of the public are alienated because they
feel they are not involved in decision making. His book The State We Are
In (27) has sold many copies so this is an important development. It is
essential that if futurists are to play a major role in society then they
must present some of their work which reaches out to the public. The best
example so far is by Graham May with the challenging title The Future is
Ours (28). The problems we face today are immediate but there are no short
term solutions. Therefore futurists must be more visible with these solutions.
If this is done then we have a marketing hook to become more involved with
the general public and their concerns.
Maynard Keynes concludes his General Theory as follows:
" I am sure that the power of vested interests is vastly
exaggerated compared with the gradual approachment of ideas... But sooner
or later, it is ideas, not vested interests, which are dangerous for good
or evil." (22) p383-4
The 20th Century has been dominated by evil ideas which still lurk in the
shadows. It is the task of futurists to develop new ideas which are dangerous
to the existing establishment but of help to the general public. Therefore
the objective is to strengthen the local economy and create what James Robetson
has described as " own work"
At present we have an economy where executives who fail, cause major job
losses, and are rewarded by large sums of money which is a meal ticket for
the rest of their lives
Futurists have a major opportunity to change this way of life in the 21st
century as we approach the Millenium as people expectation of change are
increased. An example of the attitude at the end of the last century is
given by Flora Thompson. She wrote a series of well written books which
are also important as social history from Lark Rise to Candleford, Still
Glides the Stream. In her last book Heatherely based on her experience in
a Hampshire village she describes how the village life is changing. She
also makes the following comments of the expectations of people for the
20th Century. (29)
People were going to live longer and healthier lives, science
would see to that, and extended leisure would provide an opportunity for
mental and spiritual cultivation. That a new century would bring a new and
better way of living was taken for granted
The result was two world wars and Hitler and Stalin, the threat of nuclear
war, and today many areas of conflict, poverty and hunger as well as the
threat terrorism and environmental degradation. There is now an emerging
profession of futurists and it is our duty to create a better future world.
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References
(1) Andrew Baxter
Engineers set to cut 40,000 jobs
Financial Times, 19 April 1994, p10
(2) Unemployment. Silver linings
Economist,19 Feb 1994, p28-29
(3) Lisa Wood
Record numbers of jobless seek mental help
Financial Times, 27 Jan 1993, p8
(4) Tony Jackson
Charm offensive with some value
Financial Times, 20 March 1993, p8
(5) Alan Cane
Foreign ownership handicaps electronics
Financial Times, 1 March 1993, p7
(6) Grant Lederwood et al
The Environmental Audit and Business Strategy. A Total Quality Approach
Pitman Publishing, 1992
(7) Romesh Vaitilingam ed
Industrial Initiatives for Environmental Conservation
Pitman, 1993
(8) Dominik Korchlin and Kaspar Muller eds
Green Business Opportunities. The Profit Potential
Pitman, 1992
(9) Bernard Taylor et al
Environmental Management Handbook
Pitman, 1994
(10) Brian Burrows
The Greening of Business and Its Relationship to Business Ethics
Long Range Planning, Vol 16, No 1 Feb 1993, p130-139
(11) Brian Burrows
Green Business. The Key to a Sustainable Future and Holistic
Management, 1996 (unpublished report)
(12) Robert Chote
Why the Chancellor is always wrong
New Scientist, 31 Oct 1992, p26-31
(13) Britain's top ten forecasters
Financial Times, 30 Oct 1992, p14
(14) Leslie Chapman
Your Disobedient Servant
Chatto and Windus, 1978
(15) Clive Ponting
Whithall: Tragedy & Farce
Hamish Hamilton, 1986
(16) Will Hutton
Defining treasury disease
Guardian, 20 Dec, 1993
(17) George Goyder
The Just Enterprise. A Blue Print for the Responsible Company
Adamantine Press, 1993
(18) Charles Handy
The Future of Work, Blackwell, 1995
(19) James Robertson
Future Work, Gower, 1995
(20) James Robertson
Electronic, Environment and Employment
Futures, Vol 27 no5 pp 487-504, 1995
(21) Hazel Henderson
Paradigms in Progress. Life Beyond Economics
Adamantine Press, 1993
(22) John Maynard Keynes
The General Theory of Employment Interest and Money, MacMillan, 1936
(23) Asa Briggs
The Historian as a Futurist
Futures, Vol 10 No 6 pp 445-451, 1978
(24) Marion Shoard
This Land is Our Land. The Struggle for Britain's Countryside
Paladin, 1987
(25) Kirkpatrick Sale
Rebels Against the Future: The Luddites and Their War on the Industrial
Revolution
Addison-Wesley, 1995
(26) John Papworth
Small is Powerful. The Future s if People rerally Mattered
Adamantine Press, 1995
(27) Will Hutton
The State we are in.
Vintage, 1996
(28) Graham May
The Future is Ours. Foreseeing, Managing and Creating the Future
Adamantine Press, 1996
(29) Flora Thompson
Heatherley
OUP, 1979, p223
Top | Futures
Brian
Burrows
Futures Information Associates
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Milton Keynes
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tel 01908 569892
October 1996
Prepared by David Wilcox dwilcox@pavilion.co.uk
October 25 1996
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